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Investigate Everything: Federal Efforts to Compel Black Loyalty During World War I, Indiana
18. Ibid
University Press, 2002, pp. 170–174. There’s still much to learn about Bouldin’s arrest.
19. “J. Edgar Hoover on the FBI,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, accessed on Aug. 20, 2020:
Kornweibel writes that after the article (letter) was published,, Bouldin (who was very
https://www.britannica.com/topic/J-Edgar-Hoover-on-the-FBI-1984379
likely unaware of its publication), Threadgill-Dennis and contributing editor William L.
20. Jervis Anderson, “The Crackdown That Never Was,” The New York Times, Aug. 17,
Hegwood were all arrested. The three were later acquitted at trial. Kornweibel notes that
1986: https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/17/books/the-crackdown-that-never-was.
what happened at the trial “cannot be established.” But the government continued to
html; “Treason?” PBS, accessed on Sept. 13, 2020: https://www.pbs.org/blackpress/
pursue Bouldin, and a federal grand jury indicted him again. Kornweibel has details on
educate_event/treason.html; Stanley Nelson film, The Black Press: Soldiers Without Swords,
his second trial. Bouldin spent about a year in county and federal prison.
PBS, accessed on Sept. 15, 2020: http://www.pbs.org/blackpress/educate_event/index.
7. Patrick S. Washburn, The African American Newspaper: Voice of Freedom, Northwestern
html; Samuel Robinson, “Washburn Describes Black Press’ WWII ‘Double V’ Campaign,”
University Press, 2006, pp. 106–108; DeNeen L. Brown, “Vandals Damage Historical
The Media School, the College of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, April
Marker Commemorating 1917 Uprising by Black Soldiers,” The Washington Post, Sept. 8,
22, 2015: https://mediaschool.indiana.edu/news-events/news/item.html?n=washburn-
2017: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/08/24/i-am-not-guilty-
describes-black-press-wwii-double-v-campaign
the-mass-hanging-of-13-black-soldiers-after-the-bloody-1917-houston-riots/
21. William Barlow, Voice Over: The Making of Black Radio, Temple University Press, 1999,
8. Ibid Patrick S. Washburn, p. 118; Jervis Anderson, A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical
pp. 68–74
Portrait, University of California Press, 1972, 1973, 1986, pp. 104–107
22. Ibid
9. Ibid Jervis Anderson, p. 104
10. Ibid Jervis Anderson, p. 105
11. Ibid, pp. 106–107
12. Ibid, p. 108
13. Jervis Anderson, “The Crackdown That Never Was,” The New York Times, Aug, 17, 1986:
https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/17/books/the-crackdown-that-never-was.html; J. Edgar
Hoover,” HISTORY, June 18, 2010, updated on May 4, 2020: https://www.history.com/
topics/us-government/j-edgar-hoover
14. Patrick S. Washburn, The African American Newspaper: Voice of Freedom, Northwestern
University Press, p. 118
15. Report of the Department of Justice, “Radicalism and Sedition Among Negroes as
Reflected in Their Publications,” The New York Times, Nov. 23, 1919: https://www.nytimes.
com/1919/11/23/archives/radicalism-and-sedition-among-the-negroes-as-reflected-intheir.html
16. Ibid
17. Ibid
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