Media 2070 FINAL - Flipbook - Page 55
27. Kay Mills, Changing Channels: The Civil Rights Case That Transformed Television, University Press
***
1. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, U.S. Government Printing Office, Feb. 29,
1968:p. 211
2. Lashawn Harris, “Marvel Cooke: Investigative Journalist, Communist and Black Radical Subject,”
Journal for the Study of Radicalism, Vol. 6, No. 2, Fall 2012, pp. 91–93, 99–101; Elaine Woo, “Marvel Cooke:
Pioneering Black Journalist, Political Activist,” The Los Angeles Times, Dec. 6, 2000: https://www.latimes.
com/archives/la-xpm-2000-dec-06-me-61800-story.html; Marvel Cooke, “The Bronx Slave Market,”
Viewpoint Magazine, Oct. 31, 2015 (originally Jan. 8, 1950): https://www.viewpointmag.com/2015/10/31/
the-bronx-slave-market-1950/
3. Nia Decaille, “Dorothy Gilliam Confronted Racism and Sexism as the First Black Female Reporter
at The Washington Post,” The Washington Post, March 7, 2019: https://www.washingtonpost.com/
nation/2019/03/08/double-handicap-dorothy-gilliam-being-first-black-female-reporter-washington-post/
4. Dorothy Butler Gilliam, “The Critical Role of the Black Press in the Civil Rights Movement Has Not
Received the Attention It Deserves,” NBC News, March 24, 2018: https://www.nbcnews.com/think/
opinion/critical-role-black-press-civil-rights-movement-has-not-received-ncna859701; List of National
Association of Black Journalists presidents: https://www.nabj.org/page/Presidents; Dorothy Butler
Gilliam, Trailblazer: A Pioneering Journalist’s Fight to Make the Media Look More Like America, Center Street,
2019, p.195; Frank Sotomayor, “The First 30 Years of MIJE: Making Newsrooms Look Like America,”
Robert C. Maynard Institute for Journalism Education, June 26, 2013: https://www.mije.org/about/history/
5. “About CRS,” U.S. Department of Justice, accessed on May 4, 2020: https://www.justice.gov/crs/about.
The agency was first housed under the Department of Commerce but President Johnson moved it to the
DoJ in 1966; see page 3 in the link to CRS’ strategic plan. “Community Relations Service Strategic Plan:
2016–2020,” U.S. Department of Justice, accessed on May 4, 2020: https://www.justice.gov/file/1074661/
download
6. Bertram Levine, Resolving Racial Conflict: The Community Relations Service and Civil Rights, 1964–1989,
University of Missouri Press, p. 219
of Mississippi, 2004, p. 259; “Review of the Commission’s Broadcast and Cable Equal Employment
Opportunity Rules and Policies,” Federal Register, Jan. 7, 2003: https://www.federalregister.gov/
documents/2003/01/07/03-171/review-of-the-commissions-broadcast-and-cable-equal-employmentopportunity-rules-and-policies
28. Leonard M. Baynes, “Life After Adarand: What Happened to the Metro Broadcasting Diversity
Rationale for Affirmative Action in Telecommunications Ownership,” University of Michigan Journal
of Law Reform, Vol. 33, Issues 1&2, 1999: https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.
cgi?article=1476&context=mjl
29. Stephen Labton, “Court Rules Agency Erred on Mandate for Minorities,” The New York Times,
Jan. 17, 2001: https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/17/us/court-rules-agency-erred-on-mandate-forminorities.html?searchResultPosition=134; “Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod v. Federal Communications
Commission, Appellee, Missouri State Conference of Branches of the NAACP, et al., Intervenors,” decided
by the United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit, April 14, 1998: https://scholar.google.
com/scholar_case?case=6926955270060929067&q=141+F.3d+344+(D.C.+Cir.+1998)&hl=en&as_
sdt=20000006; “MD/DC/DE Broadcast Association, et al., Petitioners, v. Federal Communications
Commission and the United States of America, Respondents. Minority Media and
Telecommunications Council, et al., Intervenors,” decided by the United States Court of
Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit, Jan. 16, 2001: : https://scholar.google.com/scholar_
case?case=4929117322249877509&q=253+F.3d+732+(D.C.+Cir.+2001)&hl=en&as_sdt=20000006
30. John Eggerton, “House Communications Subcommittee Approves Tax Certificate Bill,” March 10,
2020: https://www.multichannel.com/news/house-communications-subcommittee-approves-taxcertificate-bill; Antoinette Cook Bush and Marc S. Martin, “The FCC’s Minority Ownership Policies from
Broadcasting to PCS,” Federal Communications Law Journal, Volume 48, Issue 3, 1996, p. 425: https://www.
repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1107&context=fclj;
31. “National Television Multiple Ownership Rule,” Federal Communications Commission via the Federal
Register, Jan. 26, 2018: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/01/26/2018-01404/national-
7. Ibid
television-multiple-ownership-rule
8. Ibid
32. Frank Ahrens, “Compromise Puts TV Ownership Cap at 39 Percent,” The Washington Post, Nov. 2
9. Ibid
5, 2003: https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/11/25/compromise-puts-tv-ownership-
10. Ibid
cap-at-39/c1fdef7e-5acf-4be9-a618-e484d323d26d/
11. Ibid, p. 220
33. "Free Press Petition to Deny Sinclair Divestitures," Free Press, June 21, 2018: https://www.freepress.
12. Community Relations Service Annual Report: 30th Anniversary,1964–1994, Department of
net/sites/default/files/2018-06/free_press_petition_to_deny_divestiture.pdf; “About,” Sinclair Broadcast
Justice, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Annual_
Group, accessed on Sept. 1, 2020: http://sbgi.net/
Report/_54siRLFws8C?hl=en&gbpv=0, p. 3
13. 1968 Annual Report of the Community Relations Service, Department of Justice, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1968, pp. 16–17
14. 1969 Annual Report of the Community Relations Service, Department of Justice, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1969, p. 22
34. “Clear Channel Becomes iHeart Media,” iHeart Media, Sept. 16, 2014: https://www.iheartmedia.
com/press/clear-channel-becomes-iheartmedia; Marissa Moss, “One More Scoop of Vanilla: A
New Proposal Looks to Loosen Radio Ownership Rules,” NPR, June 7, 2019: https://www.npr.
org/2019/06/07/730323196/one-more-scoop-of-vanilla-a-new-proposal-looks-to-loosen-radioownership-rules
15. Ibid
16. 1970 Annual Report of the Community Relations Service, Department of Justice, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1970, p. 13
17. Ibid, p. 13; Bertram Levine, Resolving Racial Conflict: The Community Relations Service and Civil Rights,
35. Kristal Brent Zook, “Blacks Own Just 10 U.S. Television Stations. Here’s Why,” The Washington Post,
Aug. 17, 2015: https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/17/blacks-own-just-10-u-stelevision-stations-heres-why/
1964–1989, University of Missouri Press, 2005, pp. 222–224
18. 1970 Annual Report of the Community Relations Service, Department of Justice, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1970, p. 14
19. Kay Mills, Changing Channels: The Civil Rights Case That Transformed Television, University Press of
Mississippi, 2004, p. 258; Juan González and Joseph Torres, News for All the People: The Epic Story of Race
and the American Media, Verso Books, p. 307–308
20. Ibid, Kay Mills, pp. 244–245; Ibid Juan González and Joseph Torres, p. 307
21. Ibid Kay Mills, p. 245; Ibid Juan González and Joseph Torres
22. William C. Love, “Benjamin L. Hooks and the Federal Communications Commission 1972–1977,” The
University of Memphis, accessed on Aug. 24, 2020: https://www.memphis.edu/hookspapers/topics/blh_
fcc.php; Steven A. Holmes, “Benjamin L. Hooks, Civil Rights Leader, Dies at 85,” The New York Times, April
5, 2010: https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/16/us/16hooks.html; Edited by Jannette L. Dates and William
Barlow, Split Image: African Americans in the Mass Media, Howard University Press, 2003, pp. 341–342;
J. Michael Elliott, “William Wright, 63, Advocate for Black Role in Broadcasting,” The New York Times, May
12, 1995: https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/12/obituaries/william-wright-63-advocate-for-black-role-inbroadcasting.html?searchResultPosition=1
23. William C. Love, “Benjamin L. Hooks and the Federal Communications Commission 1972–1977,” The
University of Memphis, accessed on Aug. 24, 2020: https://www.memphis.edu/hookspapers/topics/blh_
fcc.php; Steven A. Holmes, “Benjamin L. Hooks, Civil Rights Leader, Dies at 85,” The New York Times, April
5, 2010: https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/16/us/16hooks.html; Edited by Jannette L. Dates and William
Barlow, Split Image: African Americans in the Mass Media, Howard University Press, 2003, pp. 341–342
24. Barry Cole and Mal Oettinger, “Reluctant Regulators; The FCC and the Broadcast Audience,” AddisonWesley Publishing Company, pp. 94–95; Paul Delaney, “Blacks Complain of Media to F.C.C.,” The New York
Times, March 190, 1973: https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/19/archives/blacks-complain-of-media-tofcc-meeting-with-minority-bloc-is-first.html?searchResultPosition=7. In light of the New York Times article,
it appears that the majority — or vast majority — of the leaders who attended the FCC meeting were
Black.
25. Ibid Barry Cole and Mal Oettinger
26. Bertram Levine, Resolving Racial Conflict: The Community Relations Service and Civil Rights, 1964–1989,
University of Missouri Press, 2005, p. 225
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