China Energy Outlook 2020 - Flipbook - Page 158
vintage and type from 2000 to 2015, as well as building energy intensity (national level and
provincial level) and energy-efficient buildings. Results show that total building stocks increased
significantly, rising from 35.2 billion m2 in 2000 to 63.6 billion m2 in 2015, with an average
annual growth rate of 4.0%. The deviations were well below 10% by comparing with the China
Population Census, which validated the reliability of CBFSM and the results. As for energy
intensity, both urban dwellings and rural dwellings showed relatively a stable and increasing
trend. The commercial building energy intensity saw a downward trend during the “12th Five
Year Plan” period, indicating the effectiveness of building energy efficiency work for
commercial buildings since 2005. Even so, 38.6 billion m2 residential dwellings and 5.7 billion m2
commercial buildings still need to be retrofitted in the future. The CBFSM can overcome
shortages in previous studies and it can also provide the Chinese government with technical
support and data evidence to promote buildings energy efficiency work.
Appliances and Equipment Energy Use
Karali, N., Shah, N., Park, W.Y., Khanna, N., Ding, C., Lin, J., Zhou, N. “Improving the energy
efficiency of room air conditioners in China: costs and benefits” Applied Energy 258 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114023
Abstract. China is the world’s largest consumer of room air conditioners, and it contributes
about a quarter of global space cooling CO2 emissions. We model the costs and benefits of
recently proposed new room air conditioner minimum energy performance standards (MEPS)
in China. Our results suggest that newly proposed MEPS brings accumulative CO2 emissions
reductions of 12.8% between 2019 and 2050, and accumulative bill saving of 2,620 billion RMB
to China's consumers. The benefits of the proposed MEPS decrease with longer MEPS revision
intervals and increase with shorter intervals—indicating that the intervals should be balanced
to maximize benefits while accommodating constraints due to air conditioner manufacturer
design cycles. We also model potential nationwide benefits from higher MEPS. Across two
increasingly aggressive MEPS scenarios, China’s room air conditioner electricity consumption
and CO2 emissions in 2050 are both reduced by 15%–53% compared to the proposed MEPS.
The highest-efficiency scenario (reaching MEPS of annual performance factor 5.4 in 2025)
provides the largest long-term national benefits. These results could inform development of a
Chinese regulatory regime that effectively updates room air conditioner MEPS. Because China is
the world’s largest manufacturer of room air conditioners, the economic, energy, and emissions
benefits resulting from higher Chinese MEPS could also have a global reach.
Khanna, N., Ding, C., Won, Y.P., Shah, N., and Lin, J. Market Assessment of Multi-split Air
Conditioning Systems in the Chinese and Global Market. Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory. 2019.
Abstract. Commercial air conditioning systems present a key opportunity for reducing
greenhouse gas emissions by reducing fossil fuel-based electricity consumption through
improved efficiency and through transitioning to refrigerants with low greenhouse gas warming
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